Ship Machinery And Equipment Maintenance

Ship Machinery And Equipment Maintenance Ship machinery maintenance is of predominant importance for accurate operation of each ship. For this purpose, the ships machinery plant should be kept well maintained and clean at all times for assuring safe and smooth operation and functionality of the ship. Furthermore, it is most significant that ample new spare parts and equipments are carried on board in order to correctly accomplish maintenance in due time under the supervision of fully competent staff according to the manufacturers instructions. Moreover, Crankshaft deflections need to be taken frequently at regular intervals. Fuel oil and Lube oil must be analyzed in order to ensure that they do not contain any debris or contamination. Main as well as auxiliary engines result in a breakdown that cause severe damage like fire that may require the ship from terminating its services until lengthy and costly repairs and maintenance measures are accomplished. Experts acknowledge the fact that maintenance requirements are not standardized. However, these requirements will differ substantially from one ship to another. Some ship owners employ a fundamental preventative maintenance policy, while others operate more sophisticated systems based on condition monitoring. This is why machinery surveys are adopted in flexible basis so as to plan according to owners existing business processes and schedules. An approach that is based on operating at schedules intervals offers a manageable and controlled maintenance program. Although, it may not be most efficient, a maintenance program is tailored to operational performance trends, and manifested by individual elements of machinery. Furthermore, by evaluating the condition monitoring data, the extent to which machinery is opened for surveys is considerably reduced. This approach may be applied to a vast variety of reciprocating and rotating shipboard machinery. For instance, Tail-shafts can be contr olled and monitored on frequent basis, thereby allowing lengthy periods between withdrawals for accurate inspection. The time interval between raising main stream turbine casings may be extended in a similar fashion. As a result of this, unproductive repair as well as dry dock downtime may be kept to a minimum level. Interestingly, based on Reliability-centered maintenance (RCM), further optimization of the maintenance program can be obtained. This technique employs a structured assessment of functions for deriving the most efficient maintenance strategy. Also, operational performance can be improved by maintaining ship availability and keeping downtime minimal. For proper machinery maintenance and loss prevention, following measures must be undertaken: Lubricating Oil: Lubricating or lube oil sampling should be maintained at frequent levels and regularly recorded as a recommended practice. Also, lube oil purifiers must be operated continuously and adequately. The gravity disc should be chosen so as to achieve the desired oil-water interface at a maximal level of temperature nearing 90 deg C according to the specifications. Furthermore, the lube oil feed system applied to the purifiers must be evaluated for ensuring the optimum flow rate between the feed pump and the purifiers capacity. Old lube oil feed system designs utilize a direct drive pump that bears a large capacity as against the recommended flow through the purifiers. If the system contains heavy contamination of water, the lube oil in the sump tank should be transported to a settling tank, the sump tank must be cleaned, and new fresh oil must be filed to the minimum level as recommended by the engine manufacturer. Moreover, the contaminated lube oil is drained and circulated by the purifiers and after analysis, the future use if the oil is assessed. If solid particles are determined in the system, the piping system should be cleaned and the entire engine must be flushed. Crankshaft Safety: The engine should be stopped as soon as the oil mist detector alarm rings or overheating of engine is detected. To avoid further damage, the main cause of overheating of engine must be identified and correction measures must be taken before the engine is restarted. The lube oil must be kept clean as far as possible by continuously using the lube oil purifiers at the recommended temperature over 90 deg C. Also, lube oil filters must be maintained and placed in clean and suitable environment by frequent routines. Crankshaft deflections should be regularly taken in order to ensure that the operation of the engine is within the limit as permitted by the manufacturer. Bunkers: Bunkering processes that includes fuel-testing procedures must be carefully reviewed for ensuring accuracy in procedures while dealing with off-specification bunkers. Each precaution must taken to make sure that adequate amount of bunker supplies are made available in order to allow proper testing before any new bunkers are used. Furthermore, water, high ash and total sediment potential content also must be considered as well as high sodium and water content that indicates the presence of seawater within the bunkers. At sea, loss of structural integrity due to grounding and collision are the most significant contributors to accidental pollution. Hulls must be designed by considering two most important factors; (1) improvement in the hull strength as well as energy absorption, and (2) sufficient residual strength subsequent to damage for allowing salvage operations. So far, the major focus is on preventing pollution from tankers. Nevertheless, there is now greater concern related to the potential consequences of damage and accidents to bunker tanks and other types of ships, some which may be carrying thousand tones of fuel oil. Present R D, as far as improving hull strength and energy absorption is concerned, is focusing on the development and advancement of modified calculation methods that are to be used for measuring the ability of varying structural assemblies to withstand ground forces and collision. When the entire numerical simulations done by the finite element method is taken into accoun t, examining the experimental results have proven the significance of including the vertical motion of the ship especially for grounding simulations along with the motion of the struck object or striking ship to evaluate collision simulations. Moreover, significant amount of research has been dedicated to the evaluation of existing as well as proposed design solutions for improvement of collision and grounding strength. 2-D methods have been employed for evaluation of relatively simple post-accident strength for the anticipation of the collapse strength of a hull girder. By using these methods, the capability of the damaged ship to survive can be assessed by a skillful comparison between the measured strength and the environmental loads; the latter being calculated without considering the result of the accidental damage on the loads and motions acting on the ship. Therefore, research is on-going with the main objective on improvement of ship response calculation methods corresponding to the effects of damage for both mobile offshore units and the ships. The following are said to be the major R D requirements in these areas: Conceptions about ship subdivision in order to minimize the effect of impacts on the hull, as well as concepts for hull structure design for increasing the residual strength and the resistance to impact after damage. Particularly, further development and enhancement of energy absorbing side and double bottom shell designs and their evaluation through full-scale tests and models along with comprehensive numerical models. Integrating numerical models for external dynamics, i.e. ship motions, and internal mechanics. Developing ways of securing bunker tanks from grounding and collisions for new ship designs. Developing simplified calculation techniques and methods for prediction of energy absorption abilities of particular structural solutions. Developing design criteria for prevention of pollution as a result of collision and grounding Analysis of collected casualty information on grounding and collision with the main goal to develop environmental impact indexes and reference design scenarios able to talk for the energy absorption and varying structural configurations. Apart from grounding and collision, other major causes of loss of hull integrity are fatigue/fracture problems, excessive loading, and consequences of corrosion. Corrosion is reduced by supplying additional thickness to the plate at the design stage and employing corrosion protection systems, many of which are based on coatings requiring maintenance throughout the life of the ship. Also, corrosion problems can be dealt with by good detail design of the hull structure. A factor that provides potential is design for maintenance; for instance, by ensuring suitable access for inspecting local structures as well as for applying coatings. Thus, the main R D needs covering this area are concerned with the design and structuring of ship hulls for corrosion reduction/prevention and for easier inspection and maintenance. Planned maintenance system (PMS) deals with scheduling, planning and performance of each and every important machinery on board a ship. Furthermore, PMS software is deployed to every ship for carrying out the operations of the ship in an efficient manner. All the PMS functionalities are carried out according to their schedules. This not only ensures efficient working of the machinery but also help in avoiding any sort of mishap caused due to poor maintenance. To carry out all the maintenance works in a timely manner, PMS software is used. A PMS software is fabricated for a ship based on the type and number of machinery the ship possesses. A job card is assigned to every machine that consists of every detail about the machinery. Each job card has three main components. A PMS software gives an accurate estimation of the maintenance schedule overdue or nearing, and enables the user to plan and submit the completion report, by which the next maintenance date is automatically rescheduled (Hayman et al).

Impact of Social Classes Essay

The world that we live in is so immense, that the people who live in it is so diverse in culture, lifestyle, language and even skin color. We live in different environments and countries yet with all these dissimilarities, we share something in common. That is what we call social classes, which was practiced primarily during the beginning of world civilization. Our world began with this system and thereby influenced the generations after them. People were then identified simply as slaves or kings yet very unjust. People eventually awakened from a lengthy stupor and learned to fight for their human rights to exterminate these social strata and discriminations that exist in the society even until today. It is sad but factual and real. Even in the most democratic country, social classes still exist in modern times and manifest in terms of financial, cultural ethnicity and even racial aspects. We still have what we call as upper, middle and lower classes basing on their financial capacity. It is really part of our world but we have grown to be more considerate and tolerant to each other. In the story A&P, the setting of the story happened in a store in a small town five miles away from the beach. People here are generally conservative thus concerned about propriety. The story began when Sammy, who worked as a cashier in this grocery store called A&P saw three young girls who came in the store barefoot, wearing swimming suits. This of course does not occur everyday in this town, so naturally, Sammy and his co-worker Stokesie were stunned. Even the other grocery shoppers were surprised to these girls confidently walking along the aisles looking for something they need to buy. When the girls were on the counter being manned by Sammy, they caught the eye of Mr. Lengel, who manages the store. Mr. Lengel who also teaches Sunday school could not help but approach the girls and told them â€Å"Girls, this isn’t the beach. † This embarrassed the girls and one of them said, â€Å"We are decent†. The girls then paid and hurried to go back to their car outside and leave. Before the girls left, Sammy suddenly told Mr. Lengel that he is quitting his job, deliberately saying it while the girls were of hearing range to present himself as their hero but when he left the store, the girls left already, putting his efforts to nothing. Sammy then realized that his impulsiveness led his to lose his job which can greatly affect his life and his family. Living in different areas in the same country also means having diverse cultures. Urban areas especially the big cities have displays of a more liberated lifestyle compared to the rural ones. The contrasts of these two societies are very apparent in this story. These girls didn’t think they did anything wrong by walking in a store wearing swimming suits but for residents of that community, it was very improper and offensive. Sammy seemed in awe of these girls and impulsively quit his job just to become a momentary hero for them. Seeing this trio of girls who have been used to a different upbringing due to a social class they grew in opened Sammy’s eyes to something different from the one he is used to. The second story was entitled â€Å"Barn Burning† which happened in the 1930’s. It was about an impoverished family led by the father called Abner Snopes, who works for farmers in way of rental contracts. This family has been moving from one farm to another for several years because Abner always gets in trouble. Abner is so full of bitterness and insecurities that pushed him to do ludicrous deeds to the farm owners he works in. His temper heats up even with the slightest provocation and gets consumed with hatred which impels him to burn the barns of the farms who worked for. All these were done witnessed by his two sons, twin daughters, sister-in-law and his wife who tags along with him every time he needed to move. He was put in question in Peace’s courts several times because of his arsonist tendencies. One time, he burned a barn to get back at his neighbor named Mr. Harris because his hog strayed to his neighbor’s property and defiantly refused to return it if he would not pay the fine of a dollar. He then sent a black man whom he calls rudely as a nigger and asks him to pay the dollar to claim his hog and tell the neighbor, â€Å"Wood and hay kin burn. † Later the barn of that neighbor was burned. After the inquest the Snopes family had to move to another farm outside that county. When they arrived at another farm, he immediately paid a visit to the owner of the farm and insisted on going inside the white carpeted house with his filthy shoes and smeared dung on it from his shoes. He was later told in court to pay the farm owner ten bushels of corn which he obviously could not afford since they can barely put food on their table. He then later decided to burn the barn of that farm owner for revenge. The only person in the Snopes’ family, who truly asserted himself to correct the misdeeds of his father, was Abner’s youngest son who was a little boy named Colonel Sartoris Snopes. He wanted his father’s habitual barn burning to be stopped and so told the farm owner of what was happening. Colonerl Sartoris was righteous and did what he believed was the right thing to do even if his father’s barn burning is revealed. I am not trying to defend but understand Abner for the things he did in the story. What he did was wrong and there was no just compelling for his actions but Abner’s behavior was in some ways a result of what society laid as basis for a person’s worth. He became irrational and resorted to violence when he thought he was unfairly treated instead of trying to do things in a proper way. Social classification then was so vividly observable. The owners of a farm are far more affluent compared to the families in the likes of the Snopes’ who does the hard, laborious work of tilling the land, growing the crops then harvesting it yet earning so little for it. The unfairness of that era was evident and created a huge gap between these social classes which affects the lives of those considered as inferior like Abner’s family. They deserved equal opportunity to live a more comfortable and easy life. Sammy and Abner has the same impulsiveness to do what they think could put justice into a situation without thinking of the consequences of their action. Sammy quit his job to show that he dissented the way Mr. Lengel embarrassed the girls which was implied to be a decision that would affect his family. On the other hand, Abner resorted to violence to solve his predicament which apparently worsens his family’s situation. Social stratification affects the lives of the people. It may enrich their lives or curtail their opportunities. These days it is a relief to see that the lines between these classes are not as vivid as during the time of our forefathers and are now slowly fading into progression. There are still destitute men and women on the streets in most communities. There are still discriminations among races and gender. There are still people oppressed by their leaders. But it is evident that in our society today people are more aware of their rights and would definitely fight for it in whatever way they can. These stories showed the development in how people treated each other during these two eras and the history of social classes.

The Power of Social Media and Its Impact on the Current Business Environment

The number of internet users has increased over the last decade due to the development of new technologies, internet availability and improved connectivity. Various online communications platforms have been invented and are widely used for both personal and business purposes world wide and social networking is the latest communication platform helping people connect to each other across different places. Its introduction has changed the way groups of people are connecting and communicating in business via online communities and professional networks. In business, many multi-national companies are currently moving beyond traditional media channels and using social network sites as a medium to reach their targets consumers instead. There is no argument that social networking is the key player driving new media communications in the digital era and its benefits and functions are impacting business considerably. There are hundreds of social networking platforms that have been introduced to the market but currently there are only two major sites recognised as the world's most powerful platforms attracting millions of users to participate. Firstly there is Facebook, a social network service that allows users to create their own profile, status, interest and preferences and also share information with friends and contacts. According to Trimpe (2011), reported that Facebook's active user base is 519 million which equates approximately to 1 in 13 of every person on earth. In the Facebook world millions of pieces of content, links and event invitations are shared every 20 minutes indicating the enormous power of Facebook as a social media tool. Secondly there is Twitter, a social network platform that allows users to generate and share messages, or â€Å"Tweets†, up to a maximum of 140 characters. According to Chiang (2011), claimed that there are nearly 200 million Twitter's users worldwide. The most common use is to promote business information about products and services or sometimes to educate industry on a business products or services. Due to the fact that these two social networking services possess millions of people's profiles, demographics and personal interests, thousands of multinational companies have turned their focus on new social media strategy to reach their target online. The term ‘social media’ has become the most recent area focused on by marketers, advertisers and public relations professionals in various business sectors and many experts have studied and tried to understand the benefits and functions of the term social media. According to Turner (2011), the Chief Content Officer of the 60 Second marketer reported that social media is about creating and having conversations among networks in online forums, blogs, and social networking sites. The key fundamental function is to use them as a medium for contacting, sharing and promoting data and contents. But when it comes to business, the main objective of operating social media is far beyond that. In business, social media is currently claimed to be the best tool in helping a company gain larger numbers of their target consumers just by providing a digital experience related to their products and services. Social media is also playing an important role in driving consumers brand engagement. According to Schmitt (2009), studied about digital brand experience and the result indicated that consumers who have a chance to engage with a brand in social networking sites can evolve from passive reactors to support the brand almost instantaneously. Creating a brand presence in social media can create not only opportunities for a company to gain more customers but also help marketers to understand more deeply what their potential target customers think towards their products and services thanks, for example, to Facebook that first invented the â€Å"Like† application that allows users to express their interest towards other websites, links or even competitors brands and share across networks. Thanks considerably to the advantages of social media, and its large numbers of potential target consumers, it is no surprise that many global companies have selected social networking as a key medium to start launching their campaign. According to Parsons (2011), reported that recently, Kellogg’s, the cereal manufacturer, launched a new range of Krave cereal and used Facebook as a medium to communicate and offer free sample packs to around 80,000 consumers on their Facebook fan page. The brand also developed video content to engage their 16-24 year old target age group to create interaction in Facebook. Additional examples show that Dell also gained a major success generating $3 million in sales after it launched its online outlet through Twitter and Starbucks has achieved the top ranking of Facebook brand pages, with nearly 4 million friends, by just offering fans coupons for free pastries and ice cream. Additionally, Whole Foods has topped Twitter with 1. million followers by broadcasting weekly specials and shopping tips (Schmitt 2009, p. 26). Companies in the FMCG industry are not the only sector that is involved in social media. Currently Honda, the Japanese automotive manufacture, is implementing their new marketing initiative from budget-led to customer-led by moving beyond traditional advertising and using social media as a tool to understand, manage and encourage open communication and conversation among their customers (Fisher 2011). In this point, the decision to buy a durable good like a car is a lengthy process, so to ensure that their brand will be in front of mind of consumers, Honda then focuses through a combination of data analytics using, and social influence methodologies, to engage and change consumer perception and increase brand awareness at the same time. In other words the role of social media, in this case, is to help maximise the goodwill and favourable mentions of company and brands. Moreover, not only can a platform of social networking provide a benefit to communicate with customers but it also enhances the capability of internal communications amongst staff as it has benefits of real-time discussion, response and speed to spread out information or opinions internally and reduce the time spent in meetings and it is enormously useful for companies with teams/staff members who working in different locations or time zones. For instance, according to Willson (2011) reported that AT&T, a US telecommunications company, launched a new tool aimed at providing their staff the opportunity to have discussions, brainstorm and refine ideas through its own internal social media platform. Employees have opportunities to be involved by voting their opinion on the company's ideas and strategies. As a result of this implementation, and in just 6 months, there are more than 200 topics that have been discussed with great outcomes and many fresh ideas generated without wasting time in meetings. Undoubtedly, social media platforms help a company communicate to both customers and staff faster and easier, however, the easy access of shared data can be a risk to a company’s confidential products and information. Many companies to date have suffered from the secret leaking of their products before its launch to market and it is not only bloggers or online journalists who cannot keep the information secret but also staff who are caught, sometimes by mistake, sharing confidential information. As recent examples, Coggan (2011), reported that Renault has suspended three senior executives allegedly for passing on blueprints for electric cars, Facebook’s corporate privacy settings went wrong when some of the social network’s finances were published and a strategy document from AOL came to light revealing that the internet and media firm’s journalists were expected to write five to ten articles a day. As a result of this type of leak information many companies, especially in the USA, do not allow employees to use their own computers or use memory sticks for certain online services. Accordingly Robert Half Technology also found in 2009 that more than half of chief information officers in America blocked the use of networking sites such as Facebook at work to prevent leaking of information. In the digital era, today's business is borderless with mobile devices, smartphone and computers helping the world connect with the internet. Social networking is a new communications platform that enhances this borderless world providing users with an ability to contact one another and spread information. Many companies use these social networks as a key strategic media to reach their target consumers or adapt its platforms for internal communications purposes to enhance the productivity of its members. However, with its easy access and ability to disperse information rapidly, social networking is becoming a big challenge for todays businesses on how to control data leaking and to protect information assets whilst, at the same time, sharing data without affecting the company's competitiveness. Ultimately, the challenge of gaining benefit from social media is to operate it in a balanced way and in the same way a company has always managed its confidential information. A company must know what it wants to achieve from spreading information about its products and services and also what information it needs to protect . A businesses staff who are involved in the management, operation and control of these platforms should be trained to know how to add accurate data in an online social context and be able to understand what information is acceptable to share.

Using Clouds to Predict the Weather

Facts, Fiction and Silas Marner Essay Topics

Facts, Fiction and Silas Marner Essay Topics Ok, I Think I Understand Silas Marner Essay Topics, Now Tell Me About Silas Marner Essay Topics! On your very first reading, you can aim for an extensive grasp of the passage and consider how you might use it in order to answer the question. Paying attention to speech and action, as well as narratorial description, enables the reader to come up with a comprehension of character. Analysis of the Novel There are a lot of life lessons within this story! Most students often find it challenging to be critical, probably since they are beneath the impression that to be able to critique something you need to possess expert-level understanding. This sample paper on Silas Marner provides a framework of relevant facts depending on the recent research in the specialty. Setting out to write a vital book review is an intimidating task. These outline guidelines are really important because the moment that you detail them, you'll have an obvious structure in your head. We will supply you with finest written topic in Silas Marner essays depending on your requirements. Silas Marner Essay Topics Ideas Godfrey isn't certain what to do. Themes are employed within this novel to portray what George Elliot was attempting to demonstrate the readers. Now he's totally free to marry Nancy. He tells Nancy he will change. The Most Popular Silas Marner Essay Topics The most important conflict of the story isn't really established until 94% of the book was read. Let's look at the key characters in the story. You may read the book more easily in the event you take less care and don't attempt to read between the lines however by doing s o you would miss a good deal of what the book is truly about. The perfect way to make this easy is to write down your ideas and impressions while you're reading the book. If your summary comprises spoilers, ensure you warn your readers about it. To be certain, there are many characters who lend a whole lot of local color to the story, but they add considerably more than that. Include a summary of the book in which you summarize the plot and also present an expression of your general judgment. The 2 plots aren't unrelated, however. They've a 2-year-old girl. Silas Marner is found in several high school anthologies and is frequently utilized to introduce students to Victorian Literature. Eppie would like to select the bush where Molly died into the garden. Silas asks for the doctor because there's a dead body outside his home. Another is using custom and tradition. This is whenever the sapling has started to circulate but before that there's no such indication of life on the outward. The book covers a lengthy period of time over thirty decades. In his last decades, Marner's life is currently fulfilled. It will get somewhat repetitive, and it appears that we won't observe a great deal of those folks again. There were lots of people making lots of money by setting up various industries. The Silas Marner Essay Topics Game George Eliot's Silas Marner furthers this concept that, even though there is evil on the planet, intimate human relationships are capable of creating happiness in the middle of brokenness. On the 1 hand, there's the title character. Throughout the book there's absolutely no moment once I feel Silas is not achieving the function of a guy. Silas and Eppie, on the flip side, though they don't have status or wealth, seem to relish unmitigated happiness. Silas Marner and Godfrey Cass both have various outlooks towards life, due to the events that happen on account of their social rank. Silas Marner essays can be challenging to write. Silas spent plenty of time alone with Eppie. He is not into it at all. He is going to keep the child. He becomes attached to the child and decides that he is going to keep it. Ultimately, individuals need to consider about their situations and act from that point. There's also an event of destiny. Don't forget to pay close attention to the question you've chosen to reply. I cannot answer that question, but it's one that's well worth thinking about. The Nuiances of Silas Marner Essay Topics Elliot shows many intersections between the 2 households. It is very important to remember that it's selfless love that is shown to result in this transformation. Eliot's writing style is also quite simple because of the Dutch realism' involved. You may be requested to write about mood and atmosphere, or a specific character, or even about your own personal reply to the passage or to a character. The impacts of the passage of time on the primary characters are described. In the start, there's very little connection between them, but by the close of the tale they're inseparable. It seems that the change effected within this scene is not only in those who fear, but additionally in the object of their fear. I'll talk about the recording below.

Cyber Bullying And The Modern Age Essay - 1268 Words

The Internet is a major part of the lives of children of this generation, yet most parents do not know exactly what their children do on the computer. As teenagers socially establish themselves within peer groups, and involve their parents less and less in their social lives, they are less likely to tell their parents what they are doing on the internet, or share internet conversations with their family. This allows cyber bullies to target victims without any repercussions. For the most part, cyber bullying is much like traditional forms of bullying, except for the fact that they take place online. It is generally viewed as a normative part of child development, and is done as a means of elevation one’s own social position. As cyber bullying takes place among other forms of bullying in the modern age research is being done by scientists to learn more about the nature of these aggressive acts and how to best deal with this problem amongst youth. Definitions of cyber bullying differ among scholars. In a study of cyber bullying cyber bullying was described as, â€Å"An aggressive, intentional act carried out by a group or individual, using electronic forms of contact, repeatedly and over time against a victim who cannot easily defend him or herself â€Å" (Smith, et al., 2008). Other experts define cyber bullying as â€Å"willful and repeated harm inflicted through the use of computers, cell phones, and other electronic devices† (â€Å"Cyberbullying Statistics, 2015). When they speak to students,Show MoreRelatedCyber Bullying And Its Effect On Society1536 Words   |  7 PagesBullying has been an extreme issue all around the world for hundreds of years, and since modern technology has advanced, so has cyber bullying. â€Å"‘Gimme’ your lunch money† has turned into texting and posting gruesome threats and embarrassing material all over social media. Millions of kids all over the world have taken t heir own lives due to the harmful effects of cyber bullying. Problems that cannot be resolved independently are brought to court, and the government has become increasingly involvedRead MoreEfforts to Fight Cyber Bullying1182 Words   |  5 Pagesthat we still can not being to understand. At the same time the modern day mouse also has been use applied in ways that mimic its treacherous definitional predecessors. The click of a mouse has cause youthful individuals to commit suicide and live lifestyles that are indulged in depression. Cyber bullying is a fairly new type of violence and this is why it is so hard to counter. One of the most prominent forms of counter-cyber bullying that the United States implements is through legislations, whichRead MoreCyberbullying And Its Effect On Society893 Words   |  4 PagesThe advancements in modern technology pose a new challenge in today’s society. It affects not only students, but adults and teachers alike in contesting what is commonly known as cyberbullying. Cyberbullying can be defined as the willful and repeated use of cellphones, computers, and other electronic communication devices to harass and threaten others. (McQuade, 2006) Because we live in a cyber society, nearly anyone can become a victim of cyber bullying. It is important to distinguish the differenceRead MoreFactors that Leads Teens to Commit Suicide741 Words   |  3 Pagesdecision to take his or her own life. Adolescent suicide rates have no doubt risen over the past 50 years, but the question is, why? As our world continues to advance decade by decade, modern-day teenagers exper ience problems that are quite different than those faced by teens from previous generations. One distinct, modern influence of teenage suicide is social media. Naturally, most teenagers today own or have access to a smart phone, computer, or other device that can be used to connect to the internetRead MoreCyber Socializing Has Effects Essay1715 Words   |  7 PagesMany of us know about cyber socializing, and have used some form of it. Whether it’s texting on a cell phone, chatting on Facebook, or sending e-mails, it’s become a part of everyday life. All of these types of modern technology not only make things easier to contact people, but it can go deeper than that and help you stay in touch with maybe a close relative who lives far away, or a friend who just moved away from home. But at the same time, all of these things need to be used carefully becauseRead MoreCyber-Bullying Today999 Words   |  4 Pagesvarious amounts of tasks. With the new age of technology ma ny young adults have easier access to the web and social media than their past generations. â€Å"Over 80 percent of teens use a cell phone regularly, making it the most popular form of technology and a common medium for cyber bullying† (Cyberbullying Research Center, 2010). The World Wide Web and social media have opens up a black hole to psychological and emotional stress for some young adults. Cyber bullying is defined as a form of teen violenceRead MoreThe Eternal Effects of Cyber Bullying1196 Words   |  5 PagesOnce upon a time the age of innocence in the adolescent years was filled with long walks by the pond, playing stickball, dress up, tea parties, rough housing with friends and the love of a favorite doll. Those days are true still today yet in most every ones childhood memory they have been subjected or their friends were at the mercy of the schoolyard bully. The aggressive kid that was determined to make at least one other schoolmates life miserable whether i t was muscle over might or sheer hostilityRead MoreThe Increasing Influence of Bullies1351 Words   |  5 PagesBullying is the abuse of the difference in power between the bully and the victim. Bullying should not be written off as kids just being kids. It should not be excused as a part of growing up. Bullying also is not something that victims should be left to work out for themselves, because it can change the victim in long-term and devastating ways. It has become more problematic, and the methods of domination and exploration are much more varied and even more invisible to the watchful eye of protectiveRead MoreAn Analysis of Cyber-Bullying in a Multiethnic Sample Essays974 Words   |  4 PagesThe advancements in modern technology poses a new challenge in today’s youth, affecting not just students but adults and teachers alike in combating what is popularly known as cyber-bullying. Cyber-bullying emerged from the anonymity technology provides bullies, the victimsâ₠¬â„¢ would receive repeated taunts, flames, in the form of emails, text messages, messages lefts on the victims’ social networking sites up to exclusion from those media sites. Goebert, D., Else, I., Matsu, C., Chung-Do, J., andRead MoreCyberbullying: Are Social Networking Websites The Cause? Essay1320 Words   |  6 PagesFacebook in one month. (Facebook) In todays day and age, social networking sites have taken over the internet. Sites such as MySpace, Facebook, Twitter, and Tumblr have linked people together in a way that was never thought possible. However, from all good comes bad, and from social networking sites the act of cyber bullying - bullying and harassing someone through the internet was born. Now, whether or not the websites are the cause of cyber bullying has become a rather controversial topic. Abraham

Human Resource Strategy Formulation - Implementation and Impact

Question: Discuss about the Human Resource Strategy for Formulation, Implementation and Impact. Answer: Introduction The international human resource management comprises of numerous activities which are aimed at management of the employees at international level so that the organizational objectives can be achieved (Armstrong and Taylor 2014). This activity is common for multinational organizations where the human resource managers need to take care of the employee bas spanning across several countries. The individuals who have either temporarily or permanently migrated to a foreign location other than the home country are known as expatriates (Armstrong and Taylor 2014). There are several issues that are faced by them when they start working in another country. One of the most prominent of them is the cultural differences. This report would discuss about three international human resource issues which are faced by the expatriates. The concluding part of the report would also give suitable recommendations for addressing the issue. Discussion A typical international human resources management would include the management of three kinds of employees such as host country employees, home country employees and the third country (Armstrong and Taylor 2014). There are several issues faced by the expatriate when they visit a foreign land (Harzing and Zhang 2016). There are three main issues which would be discussed in this report- cultural issues, training and development and recruitment/selection. Factors affecting international HRM The multinational organization that is engaged in multiple businesses is not always associated with homogeneity of the human resources. The following factors are associated with management of the human resources such as Cultural factors- The wide cultural differences across the countries pose a challenge to the HR managers (Armstrong and Taylor 2014). In some parts of the world, there is dominance of the patriarchal system, however, in some parts of the world, people disrespect such attitudes. Economic factors- The individual differences between countries create an impact on the human resource management (Armstrong and Taylor 2014). The value of productivity, economic parameters and others affect the HR practices. Labor cost factors- The high labor expenses need focus on the efficiency of the human resources policies such as Pay for Performance (Lazarova McNulty and Semeniuk 2015). There is disparity of the labor costs, number of working hours and others. Industrial relations factors- The relationship between the labor unions, workers and the employer can have significant impact on the international HRM practices (Armstrong and Taylor 2014). Issues of international human resource management Cultural Issues The cultural forces are one of the strongest determinants in international human resources management (Armstrong and Taylor 2014). The national culture of one country is different with that of other country. The cultural forces are affected by the societal forces which determine the actions, beliefs and values of a group of people (Bamberger Biron and Meshoulam 2014). The culture of India and Australia are different and hence the expatriate who would be visiting the country would be facing cultural differences. For example, Indians have a conservative culture whereas Australia possesses an open culture. The corporate culture in the foreign country is unknown to the expatriate. It is true that the company information is available on the website of the company, however, the real culture cannot be felt from a foreign location (Armstrong and Taylor 2014). The culture of a country is multifaceted (Armstrong and Taylor 2014). The customs as well as ideas are some of the usual manifestation s of culture. It affects the understanding of the people as well as the identity of an individual. The corporate culture is influenced by beliefs, practices and the values of the company. The employees induct the culture through the process of observation as well as training (Armstrong and Taylor 2014). However, the expatriate employees are unable to absorb the culture of the foreign country immediately after joining the new workplace. They would be unable to understand the organizational practices of frugality, integrity and corporate social responsibility. The organizational values are usually unspoken and hence the expatriates find it difficult to understand them (Ravu and Parker 2015). The organizational culture is usually influenced by internal reward policies, behavior of the employees and the national culture of the country (Scott 2013). There are difficulties with the cultural integration especially in a diverse organization. The human resource manager may find it difficult to attract, retain as well motivate the best employees of the organization (Bamberger Biron and Meshoulam 2014). They may also find it difficult to do employee engagement activities. Experts opine that around 31% of the new employee integration causes due to the cultural mismatch (Ravu and Parker 2015). There would be cultural differences between the employees and the company management. The cultural differences would become a serious problem for the new employee who has recently joined Australian organizations (Oyewobi Abiola-Falemu and Ibironke 2016). The employee would not be able to engage in clear communication with the team members. He would not be able to engage in non-verbal business etiquettes that are essential for engaging in successful business practices (Ravu and Parker 2015). He would not be able to interact with the international teams nor would he be able to engage in negotiations with the foreign organizations. He would not be able to adjust to the new organizational culture which is a representative of the national culture (Jaques 2013). For example, the expatriate would know that being polite is a norm in the workplace, however, he would not be aware of the degree of politeness that must be ideally displayed in the organization. Politeness can be perceived in a di fferent way in a new geographical domain (Spencer-Oatey and Kdr 2016). There can also be differences in the expectations as well as norms in the workplace. The religion is known to have intense impact on the personal identity of the professionals. In Australia, majority of the religions are Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Christian and Anglican (Dunn and Piracha 2015). The Indian person would not be able to understand the religious sentiments of this group of people. The leadership style of the individuals varies from one country to the other (Spencer-Oatey and Kdr 2016). The Australian style of leadership would not be same as the Indian style of leadership. The Indians tend to prefer a paternalistic leadership style and they tend to respect the skills of the superiors (Armstrong and Taylor 2014). The juniors in the Indian corporate environment expect attention and the leaders display top down communication approach. This is not common in the Australian workplaces. The Australian workplaces are able to align themselves quickly with the company objectives and they are usually less satisfied (Mawer 2014). This may create issues for the expatr iates where they might not be able to cope up with the new corporate culture. Training and Development Issues The international human resource management faces a constant issue with the training and the development function which is most prevalent in the multinational organizations. The training programs usually comprise of in house seminars, classroom training, e-learning and the meetings that are designed to impart job related skills to the employees (McArdle 2015). One of the most crucial issues in this regard is the language barriers. The Indian employee who has started working in Australia would find it difficult to understand fluent English language (McArdle 2015). The organization has to invest more in the language classes, which would often be not so successful, if the concerned employee has severe language issues (Benson and Voller 2014). He may take a long time in conversing with the Australian counterparts in their native language. This would hamper the productivity of the organization in the long run. This is because the employee would not be able to perform to his fullest potent ial. The identification of the current skills as well as expertise of the expatriate needs to be done by the human resource department (McArdle 2015). However, there can be instances, when the human resource department would be unable to do so. This creates shortage in the skills training of the new candidates which would make them unable to perform the job duties (McArdle 2015). There are other problems associated with the training program such as the nature of the job. The temporary nature of most of the jobs does not allow the human resource managers to allocate budget for the training purposes (Ulrich 2013). Hence, there is lack of expertise of the training experts which makes the training process not so effective. There may be lack of training experts which may impart appropriate training to the expatriates. There may also be a conservative mindset which would compel the human resource managers to give less importance to the training process (Ulrich 2013). The effectiveness of training an expatriate may be a matter of concern for the human resource team of the Australian organization. There may be absence of an interpreter who would interpret the local language of India to Australian language, so that it can be well understood by the Australian counterparts (Nicholas and Starks 2014). The components of the training program may not be designed in an appro priate manner. An ideal training process may include the field experiences and the sensitivity training which is essential for the overall development of an individual (Kolb 2014). The training is often concerned with the lack of understanding of the intuition as well as unsystematic methods of training the expatriates. An expatriate individual would be unable to cope up with the new environment and may also find it difficult to concentrate on the training schedules (Nicholas and Starks 2014). The expatriates are considered as foreigners in the host country and their needs are often not addressed by the training managers (Kolb 2014). The inadequate training process would lead to a decrease in the self confidence of the employees. The training should commence a year before the expatriate starts to live in the foreign country (Nicholas and Starks 2014). However, in a majority of the situations, the training commences when the person migrates to a foreign land. This makes the person un comfortable and unprepared when he actually commences his professional journey in a foreign country (Kolb 2014). This affects the productivity of the concerned employees, especially in the first few months of his overseas career. Recruitment and Selection The recruitment and selection process is an important area in the international human resource management. The recruiting efforts in the home country are different from that in the foreign countries. The human resource professionals should take care of the regulations, cultural differences and the language considerations (Moran Abramson and Moran 2014). However, the cross border human resource managers often omit these minute details while designing the recruitment policy. There are issues with the recruitment policy of the multinational companies such as cooperation, demographic beliefs, culture, racism and legal factors. It is hard to determine the recruitment sources for filling up the overseas vacancies (Moran Abramson and Moran 2014). This makes it difficult to find the right candidates for filling up the vacancies. It is also important to determine the demographic composition of the candidates to be interviewed. This makes them unaware of the different skills of the employees ( Moran Abramson and Moran 2014). The recruiter is unable to understand the job competence, relational traits, personality traits and the environmental variables of the new candidates (Cocchiara Bell and Casper 2014). The job competencies such as technical skills include the knowledge of the host country and job operations, which may be unknown to the candidate. It is not possible for the Indian candidate to know about the traditions and corporate culture in Australia. The candidate may not be able to display sufficient social skills such as ability to tolerate ambiguity and the art of courtesy (Moran Abramson and Moran 2014). The human resource manager would be unable to tackle issues such as family concerns, ability to adjust, right selection of the candidates and the experience level of the candidates (Stredwick 2013). The human resource manager would be unable to analyze the educational backgrounds and the experience level of the candidates. This makes them unsure about the suitability of the candidates to the organizational vacancies. There are instances when the candidate faces racism when venturing into a foreign land (Moran Abramson and Moran 2014). The selection process may not serve the purpose in a correct manner. The human resource managers may not be able to apply all the criteria for selecting the right candidate. The candidate s must be evaluated on the basis of personal characteristics, communication skills, cultural adjustments, personal factors and the ability to satisfy the organizational requirements (Zakarevi?ius and Ã… ½uperkien? 2015). The human resource managers are unable to screen the background of the applicants on the basis of parameters such as work experience, earlier overseas assignment experience, foreign language fluency and the overall job performance of the concerned person (Aswathappa 2013). The primary mode of interview is through the online telecommunications such as Skype, which makes it difficult for the recruiter to analyze the behavioral aspects of the candidates (Zakarevi?ius and Ã… ½uperkien? 2015). This would make incorrect recruiting decisions by selecting the misfit candidate. The human resource recruiters often fail to understand the local needs of the organizations (Aswathappa 2013). They are increasingly becoming unable to find the right skills for the organization that would be successful in achieving the organizational objectives. These reasons are responsible for the lack of success of the recruitment as well as selection initiatives. Methodology The study was conducted in the Sydney business area of Australia. The sample size was 100 and it comprised of the Indians who have migrated in Australia in the last 5 years. A structured questionnaire was formulated and distributed among the participants. The face to face interview was conducted to know the exact responses of the participants. The questionnaires were also sent to the sample population through emails. The Google forms were used to collect data from the participants. The forms allowed the researchers to gather, compile and interpret the data. The method used for data analysis was qualitative data analysis is narrative analysis and content analysis. In narrative analysis, the transcribed experience is used to display the experiences of the expatriates. In the case of content analysis, the behavioral data is being categorized so that is easy to classify, summarize and tabulate the findings. Recommendation The cultural issues may be addressed with proper attention. The constant communication is a key to address the issues of cultural diversity. A relationship of trust should be created and the expatriate should be interacted personally for determining their challenges. The training and development issues should be solved by designing suitable training packages for the expatriates. They should be exposed to the training process even before the candidates actually join the overseas job opportunities. The human resource department should impart language training to the foreign nationals. The presence of an interpreter is also desirable which would also increase the organizational efficiency. The human resource recruiter should try to look for alternate sources of recruitment such as attending conferences, international job fairs, local online jib portals and others. The organizational policies should focus on the preferences as well as needs of the expatriates. Conclusion The international human resource management is one of the most crucial aspects of the management. The cross cultural managers often face the issue of international human resource management. There are several issues that are associated when an expatriate start to work in a foreign country. There are several factors associated with the international HRM such as cultural factors, economic factors, industrial relations factors and labor cost factors. There are three issues discussed in this report such as cultural issues, training as well as development and recruitment as well as selection. 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